Comparing the Effectiveness of Online, Flipped, and In-Class Critical Thinking Instruction on Critical Thinking Skills and Dispositions in Higher Education: Flipped Classroom Produces the Greatest Gains

This study aimed to investigate the effect of online, flipped, and in-class critical thinking teaching on skills dispositions university students. Pretest-posttest control group quasi-experimental design was employed in this that has three experimental groups one group. In first group, conducted fully online. second flipped classroom approach while thinking. third face-to-face classes. Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Test Sosu Dispositions Scale were used collect data. Online, explicit instructions enhanced students’ with a large effect. Also, most effective learning environment promote in-class, respectively.